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Undergraduate Catalog

Theatre and Dance

Chairperson: Ms. Tammy L. Killian
Office: Browne Hall 101
Telephone: (309) 298-1543
Fax: (309) 298-2695
E-mail: Theatre@wiu.edu
Website: wiu.edu/theatre

Program Offerings and Locations:

  • Bachelor of Arts in Theatre: Macomb
  • Bachelor of Fine Arts in Musical Theatre: Macomb
  • Minor in Dance: Macomb
  • Minor in Stage Combat: Macomb
  • Minor in Theatre: Macomb

Learning Outcomes

For student learning outcomes, please see wiu.edu/provost/learningoutcomes.

Faculty

Blackinton, Clow, Conner, Fox, House, Kamminga-Peck, Killian, Laney, Lewis, Mickelson, Nott, Petrin, Wright, Wroblewski.

GradTrac

GradTrac is available to Theatre majors. See more information about GradTrac.

Honors Curriculum

Academically qualified students in this department are encouraged to complete an honors curriculum in University Honors, Honors in the Major, or General Honors. All Honors students must complete the one-hour honors colloquium (G H 299). General Honors includes General Honors coursework. Honors in the Major includes honors work in the major. View more information about honors curricula or visit the Centennial Honors College website at wiu.edu/honors.

Department Information

The Department of Theatre and Dance offers a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in Theatre, a Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.) degree in Musical Theatre, and minors in Theatre, Dance, and Stage Combat.

The B.A. in Theatre degree program offers options in Performance and Production/Design. The program develops skilled and creative artists for vocational and professional careers and/or future study in Theatre and related arts and aims: (1) to develop creativity, artistic skills, and professionalism in students through an active production program that melds scholarship and practice; (2) to encourage and develop skills in communication, problem solving, research, and effective writing; (3) to enable majors and non-majors to expand and perfect their knowledge of the literary, historical, and philosophical aspects of Theatre through a rich curriculum that has both depth and breadth; (4) to foster students’ understanding and appreciation of the arts; and (5) to enhance the cultural life of the campus and the region.

The B.F.A. in Musical Theatre degree program is a comprehensive pre-professional training program, teaching students to combine and synthesize the areas of singing, acting, and dancing. Students in the Musical Theatre program are afforded a variety of in-class and onstage performance opportunities throughout the undergraduate career, culminating in a final senior project. A professional summer experience is an integral part of the requirements for graduation.

Degree Programs

Bachelor of Arts—Theatre

All students seeking the Bachelor of Arts in Theatre must complete I, II, and III.A or III.B below, and the foreign language/global issues requirement for the major#. The minimum semester hour requirement for the baccalaureate degree is 120 s.h.

  1. University General Education Curriculum: 43 s.h.
  2. Core Courses: 28 s.h.
    THEA 100, 101*, 150, 151, 172*, 251, 321, 381, 390, 391†, 392
  3. Options of Study (Select A or B)
    1. Performance
      1. Special Courses: 10 s.h.
        1. THEA 170 and 171: 4 s.h.
        2. Either THEA 145 or 165: 3 s.h.
        3. Either THEA 311 or 382: 3 s.h.
      2. Directed Electives: 9 s.h.
        Select a minimum of 9 s.h. of THEA courses
      3. Minor: 16–24 s.h.
      4. Open Electives: 9–17 s.h.
    2. Production/Design
      1. Special Courses: 9 s.h.
        1. THEA 350, 450, and 451: 6 s.h.
        2. Either THEA 145 or 165: 3 s.h.
      2. Directed Electives: 10 s.h.
        Select a minimum of 10 s.h. of THEA courses
      3. Minor: 16–24 s.h.
      4. Open Electives: 9–17 s.h.

# The foreign language/global issues graduation requirement may be fulfilled by successfully completing one of the following: 1) a designated foreign language requirement [see Foreign Language/Global Issues Requirement]; 2) a General Education global issues course; 3) THEA 390; or 4) an approved Study Abroad program.

* May count toward the University General Education requirement.

† THEA 391 fulfills the Writing Instruction in the Disciplines (WID) graduation requirement.

Bachelor of Fine Arts—Musical Theatre

Program Admission: Admission to the program is by audition only. In order to be admitted to the B.F.A. program, students will present two contrasting songs, two contrasting monologues, and be prepared to learn a dance combination. The audition also qualifies the students for consideration for departmental scholarships. Auditions are held on campus in the Fall and the Spring. Video auditions may also be considered.

Program Requirements: Students accepted into the B.F.A. in Musical Theatre program must pass a proficiency test on basic music skills. All B.F.A. students also participate in an annual proficiency exam (at the end of the Spring semester) involving all three skill areas (acting, singing, and dancing), and may be put on probation in one or more areas. Those put on probation must pass a Fall proficiency exam the following semester in the area(s) of weakness. Faculty may provide individual guidance and coaching through this probationary process. After the Fall proficiency, students are either removed from probation or asked to leave the program. B.F.A. students also successfully pass voice juries in the School of Music at the end of each semester.

All students seeking the Bachelor of Fine Arts in Musical Theatre must complete I, II, and III below, and the foreign language/global issues requirement for the major#. The minimum semester hour requirement for the baccalaureate degree is 132 s.h.

  1. University General Education Curriculum: 43 s.h.
  2. Core Courses: 74 s.h.
    THEA 101*, 130, 171, 172*, 176, 230, 270, 271, 274, 276, 311, 330, 430, 476, 479 (6 s.h.), 492, 497†, 499; MUS 216 (8 s.h.), 416 (8 s.h.); DAN 110, 112, 113, 116, 212, 216, 316
  3. Directed Electives: 21 s.h.
    Theatre (minimum 5 s.h.): THEA 150, 151, 269, 273, 337, 372, 373, 381, 390, 391, 392, 470, 472, 473, 479
    Music (minimum 5 s.h.): MUS 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 141, 181, 190, 195*, 196*, 242, 248, 394*, 397*
    Dance (minimum 5 s.h.): DAN 119, 210, 213, 219, 310, 313, 413

# The foreign language/global issues graduation requirement may be fulfilled by successfully completing one of the following: 1) a designated foreign language requirement [see Foreign Language/Global Issues Requirement]; 2) a General Education global issues course; 3) THEA 390; or 4) an approved Study Abroad program.

* May count toward the University General Education requirement.

† THEA 497 fulfills the Writing Instruction in the Disciplines (WID) graduation requirement.

Minors

Minor in Dance: 19 s.h.
  1. Required Courses: 11 s.h.
    DAN 119, 210, 213, 219, 310, 313
  2. Select a minimum of 3 s.h. from the following courses: 3 s.h.
    DAN 382, 385
  3. Select a minimum of 5 s.h. from the following courses: 5 s.h.
    DAN 110, 112, 113, 116, 210, 212, 213, 216, 310, 313, 316, 386^, 413, 490
    ^ Maximum of 2 s.h. may count toward the minor
Minor in Stage Combat: 19 s.h.
  1. THEA 100: 3 s.h.
  2. THEA 470: 4 s.h.
  3. THEA 474 (taken for 3 different weapons): 12 s.h.
Minor in Theatre: 18 s.h.
  1. Special Courses: 9 s.h.
    THEA 100, 150, 172
  2. Select 2–3 s.h. from the following: 2–3 s.h.
    THEA 101, 390, 391, 392
  3. Theatre (THEA) electives: 6–7 s.h.

Course Descriptions

THEATRE (THEA)

100 ÌýTheatre Arts: Practice and Profession. (3) ÌýAn introduction to all elements of the theatre by providing students with lecture/demonstrations and hands-on experience in eight areas of theatre study. Primarily for Theatre majors. Lab.

101 ÌýPlay Analysis. (3) Ìý(General Education/Fine Arts) ÌýAnalysis of plays in terms of plot, theme, character, dialogue, etc., preparatory to approaching the dramatic materials in terms of theatrical production. Production attendance is required.

110 ÌýIntroduction to the Theatre. (3) Ìý(General Education/Fine Arts) ÌýDesigned to acquaint the student with an overview of the aesthetics of drama and the practical aspects of the living theatre. Production attendance is required.
IAI: F1 907.

130 ÌýTheatre Practice. (1, repeatable to 2) ÌýDesigned to increase proficiency in preparation and presentation of theatrical performance. At least one facet of the student’s contribution must be carried out under the direct supervision of a member of the Theatre faculty. Open to freshmen only.

145 ÌýFundamentals of Lighting and Sound. (3) ÌýAn introduction to stage lighting and audio production including basic electrical theory, control systems, instrumentation and equipment, industry practices, and safety.

150 ÌýStagecraft. (3) ÌýStudy of basic skills of play production including carpentry, scenic painting, and prop construction.

151 ÌýTechnical Theatre Practicum I. (1) ÌýTraining and supervised work in theatre production, including costume construction, set and prop construction, and crew assignments. Prerequisite: THEA 150.

165 ÌýFundamentals of Costume Construction. (3) ÌýAn introduction to costuming and costume production for the theatre including sewing, draping, crafts, and wardrobe.

170 ÌýMovement I. (2) ÌýThis course will develop an awareness of the actor’s physical self while expanding the actor’s physical potential. This course will also develop the actor’s kinesthetic awareness to be sensitive to stimuli such as other people, various environments, and psychological moods.

171 ÌýVoice Techniques I. (2) ÌýDevelopment of the physical and aesthetic nature of voice production. Individual analysis of voices directs attention to improvement of quality, articulation, and pronunciation.

172 ÌýActing I. (3) Ìý(General Education/Fine Arts) ÌýFundamental concepts, terms, and techniques in acting. Participation in class exercises and problems give the student an opportunity to begin developing skills in performance.
IAI: TA 914.

176 ÌýTechniques of Musical Theatre Performance. (3) ÌýDesigned to introduce the student to the practical demands and staging of musical comedy in the theatre. Emphasis will be placed on specific dance routines, musical comedy styles, and audition pieces. Prerequisite: permission of instructor.

201 ÌýMulticulturalism in Theatre. (3) Ìý(General Education/Multicultural Studies) ÌýAn analysis of multicultural issues found in drama. The class will survey cultural differences as well as the issues and topics unique and specific to various cultures and minorities.

230 ÌýTheatre Practice. (1, repeatable to 2) ÌýSame as THEA 130. Open to sophomores only.

251 ÌýTechnical Theatre Practicum II. (1) ÌýContinuation of THEA 151. Training and supervised work in theatre production including costume construction, set and prop construction, and crew assignments. Prerequisite: THEA 151.

269 ÌýMake-Up. (2) ÌýPractice and theory of make-up in the theatre, designed to develop proficiency in the various techniques and styles of make-up application. Lab fee: purchase of make-up kit required.

270 ÌýMovement II. (3) ÌýContinuation of THEA 170—Movement I. This course explores the actor’s own movement habits and patterns, and develops methods for altering and implementing new physical mannerisms for created characters through movement and masks. Prerequisite: THEA 170 or permission of instructor.

271 ÌýMusic Skills for Musical Theatre I. (2) ÌýBasic musicianship skills with specific applications to Musical Theatre situations. Prerequisites: Musical Theatre major with sophomore standing; B.F.A. music fundamentals proficiency or MUS 180—Fundamentals of Music; B.F.A. piano proficiency.

273 ÌýImprovisation for Theatre. (3) ÌýDesigned to enhance intuitive and spontaneous skills of acting through a series of structured exercises focusing on conflict, situation, and characterization. Prerequisite: THEA 172.

274 ÌýMusic Skills for Musical Theatre II. (2) ÌýA continuation of THEA 271. Prerequisites: Musical Theatre major with sophomore standing and THEA 271; B.F.A. music fundamentals proficiency or MUS 180—Fundamentals of Music; B.F.A. piano proficiency.

276 ÌýMusical Theatre Studio. (3) ÌýPerformance of major roles of Musical Theatre in studio projects. Emphasis on the student’s integration of singing, acting, and movement into a unified performance. Prerequisite: Musical Theatre major with sophomore standing or permission of the instructor.

298 ÌýIndependent Study. (1–3) ÌýPrivate work on specific problems in performance or tech/design with an approved advisor. Student must request course the semester before enrolling.

311 ÌýActing II. (3) ÌýContinuation of THEA 172—Acting I, with the emphasis on script analysis and in-class scene study. Prerequisites: THEA 170 or DAN 113; and THEA 171 and 172.

321 ÌýStage Management. (3) ÌýStudy of the procedures involved in stage management with opportunities for the student to gain experience in this area.

323 ÌýTheatre Organization and Management. (3) ÌýStudy of the procedures involved in theatre publicity and sales with opportunities for the student to gain experience in this area.

330 ÌýTheatre Practice. (1, repeatable to 2) ÌýSame as THEA 130. Open to juniors only.

337 ÌýProfessional Semester. (12) ÌýDesigned to give the undergraduate student the opportunity and the learning experience to practice the craft of theatre off-campus in a professional situation. Students may enroll in this course only after they have been accepted into a reputable theatre organization and have received approval from the Theatre faculty. Because most of the student’s time will be spent off-campus working in a theatre, or with a theatre organization, students should not enroll in any other courses during the semester they are enrolled in THEA 337.

338 ÌýAdvanced Topics in Technical Theatre. (2) ÌýCreative and practical projects assigned in conjunction with major campus productions. Prerequisite: THEA 150 or permission of instructor.

345 ÌýLighting Design I. (3) ÌýIn-depth investigation of the varied aspects of stage lighting theory, design, and practice. The practice will include theoretical production experiences. Prerequisite: THEA 145.

350 ÌýTechnical Theatre Practicum III. (1) ÌýContinuation of THEA 251. Training and supervised work in theatre production including costume construction, set and prop construction, and crew assignments. Prerequisite: THEA 251.

354 ÌýTheatrical Drafting. (3) ÌýAdvanced study of the principles and methods of drafting conventions and techniques employed by the theatre designer or technician. Prerequisite: THEA 150 or permission of instructor.

355 ÌýScene Design I. (3) ÌýIntroduction to the methodology and practice of scene design. Application of knowledge through a series of fundamental design projects. Prerequisite: THEA 354 or permission of instructor.

356 ÌýTheatrical Rendering. (3) ÌýMedia and techniques employed in the presentation of theatrical designs. Prerequisite: permission of instructor.

365 ÌýCostume Design I. (3) ÌýHistory of fashion. Discussion of the theory of costume design and color. Projects assigned in interpreting historical clothing into theatrical costume. Prerequisite: THEA 165.

372 ÌýActing: Characterization. (3) ÌýIntense and extensive character analysis and improvisation exploring possible strategies and approaches an actor may take in presenting a character. Prerequisite: THEA 270 and 311.

373 ÌýActing: Shakespeare. (3) ÌýDesigned to deal with individual problems of the actor. Consideration is given to acting in verse drama, particularly the works of Shakespeare. Prerequisite: THEA 270 and 311.

381 ÌýDirecting I. (3) ÌýThe director’s function in theatrical production from an aesthetic and practical standpoint. Prerequisite: THEA 101, 172, and 321.

382 ÌýDirecting II. (3) ÌýA continuation of the development of directorial skills using classroom exercises, discussions, and scene work. Prerequisite: THEA 381 or permission of instructor.

390 ÌýWorld Theatre History I. (3) Ìý(Global Issues) ÌýA survey of world theatre history and literature from its origins in antiquity through the 17th century, tracing the social, political, and economic conditions in which theatre has developed around the world. Prerequisites: successful completion of ENG 180 and 280.

391 ÌýWorld Theatre History II. (3) ÌýA survey of world theatre history and literature from the 17th century to the 1930s, tracing the social, political, and economic conditions in which theatre has developed around the world. Writing Instruction in the Disciplines (WID) course. Prerequisites: successful completion of ENG 180 and 280.

392 ÌýWorld Theatre History III. (2) ÌýA survey of world theatre history and literature from the 1930s to the present, tracing the social, political, and economic conditions in which theatre has developed around the world. Prerequisites: successful completion of ENG 180 and 280.

400 ÌýIndependent Research and Projects. (1–6, repeatable for different topics to 6) ÌýIndividual study or research under supervision of the faculty. Open to seniors who have demonstrated special competence in Theatre. By permission of the department chairperson only. Student must request course the semester before enrolling.

401 ÌýHonors Thesis/Project. (3) ÌýA capstone course for students pursuing Departmental Honors in Theatre. Students will write a senior honors thesis or produce a final graded creative project. Prerequisite: G H 299 and 6 s.h. of in-course honors in Theatre; good standing in the Centennial Honors College; senior Theatre major.

409 ÌýPlaywriting I. (2) ÌýDesigned to instruct in the basic principles of the art of playwriting: objective, development of obstacles in incidents, characterization, and climax. Prerequisite: ENG 180 and 280.

419 ÌýPlaywriting II. (2) ÌýContinuation of THEA 409. Students who have achieved a basic level of proficiency in the art of playwriting are encouraged to further develop their skills. Prerequisites: THEA 409; ENG 180 and 280.

430 ÌýTheatre Practice. (1, repeatable to 2) ÌýSame as THEA 130. Open to seniors only.

446 ÌýLighting Design II. (3) ÌýContinuation of THEA 345. The varied aspects of production experience. Prerequisite: THEA 345.

450 ÌýTechnical Theatre Practicum IV. (1) ÌýContinuation of THEA 350. Training and supervised work in theatre production including costume construction, set and prop construction, and crew assignments. Prerequisite: THEA 350.

451 ÌýDecor. (4) ÌýSurvey of architectural elements, furnishings, and decorative motifs useful to theatre designers: prehistoric through modern including Far Eastern styles.

455 ÌýScene Design II. (3) ÌýThe effects of the elements of scene design in the theatre and the designer’s methods of working on design problems. Individual design skill development through creative project assignments. Prerequisite: THEA 355.

456 ÌýScene Painting. (2) ÌýIntroduction to painting for the stage with an emphasis on materials, texturing techniques, and three-dimensional effects. Lab fee required.

465 ÌýCostume Design II. (3) ÌýProjects assigned in interpreting historical clothing into theatrical costume. Prerequisite: THEA 365 or permission of instructor.

470 ÌýStage Combat: Unarmed. (4) ÌýStudents will learn safe, effective techniques for performing unarmed stage fights, falls, and rolls. Emphasis on acting the fight, safety, and realism. Prerequisites: THEA 170 and 172, or permission of instructor.

472 ÌýAuditions. (2) ÌýDesigned to prepare the advanced acting student in the techniques, opportunities, and procedures of auditioning, interviewing, and constructing resumes for advanced study or career placement. Prerequisite: THEA 372 or 373.

473 ÌýActing and the Camera. (3, repeatable to 9) ÌýA course designed to incorporate skills learned in basic acting classes and basic video or film production courses, emphasizing camera students working with actors and actors working in front of the camera. Prerequisite: Performance students: THEA 311 or permission of instructor; Camera students: BC 110 or BC&J 311 or permission of instructor.

474 ÌýStage Combat: Armed. (4, repeatable to a maximum of 12) ÌýDesigned to teach safe, effective techniques for various weapons. Weapons could include broadsword, sword and shield, quarterstaff, rapier, and dagger. Emphasis on acting the story and safety. Prerequisites: THEA 470 and/or permission of the instructor.

476 ÌýAdvanced Techniques of Musical Theatre. (3) ÌýContinuation of THEA 176. Further development of singing and acting abilities, enabling the student to fuse these talents and perform with greater success in the genre of Musical Theatre. Prerequisites: at least two acting classes, proficient music skills, and permission of the instructor.

477 ÌýDialects. (3) ÌýTraining in American regional and foreign dialects most frequently required in performance. Various approaches are introduced so that individuals may develop personal working methods. Prerequisite: THEA 171 and 172, or permission of instructor.

479 ÌýProfessional Summer Semester. (1–12, repeatable to a maximum of 12) ÌýPractical and theoretical work in all aspects of production during intensive eight-week rehearsal and performance of Summer Music Theatre. Auditions required.

481 ÌýRehearsal Techniques. (3) ÌýThe examination and practical application of techniques for the development of creative rehearsal environments, effective actor/director communication, and strategies for exploring the moment to moment dynamics of a scene. Prerequisite: THEA 382.

482 ÌýIndependent Projects in Directing. (3) ÌýSupervised independent projects in directing. Prerequisite: THEA 481 with a B or better.

483 ÌýAssistant Director Practicum. (1) ÌýDesigned to give the directing student the opportunity to participate in a mainstage production, the student will work on all aspects of the artistic development of a production under the mentorship of the faculty director. Prerequisites: THEA 481 and permission of instructor.

492 ÌýMusical Theatre Auditions and Professional Preparation. (3) ÌýDesigned to prepare students to be successful at professional Musical Theatre auditions and to provide them with practical skills and information related to show business (i.e.: agents, managers, unions, negotiating, contracts, headshots, resumes, casting directors, etc.). Prerequisite: THEA 276.

496 ÌýExperiments and Topics in Theatre. (1–3, repeatable to 12) ÌýInvestigation and exploration of special projects or experiments which will immerse students in a specific topic, technique, or concept. Prerequisites: ENG 180 and 280; junior or senior standing.

497 ÌýMusical Theatre History. (3) ÌýHistory of Musical Theatre, primarily focusing on American Musical Theatre, from its defining influences and roots to the present. Topics to be covered include significant productions, composers, lyricists, librettists, choreographers, directors, designers, and actors. Writing Instruction in the Disciplines (WID) course. Prerequisites: THEA 101 or permission of instructor, and successful completion of ENG 180 and 280.

498 ÌýIndividual Study. (1–3) ÌýSpecial projects in performance or design. Prerequisites: junior or senior standing, and permission of advisor.

499 ÌýBFA Senior Project. (3) ÌýBFA Musical Theatre seniors are to mount a fully-staged, recital format, production demonstrating high proficiency in the three primary areas of study: acting, singing, and dancing. Seniors are expected to direct their own productions, with faculty guidance. Prerequisites: Musical Theatre major and senior standing.

DANCE (DAN)

110 ÌýBallet I. (2, repeatable to 4) ÌýIntroduction to exercises at barre, exercises at center, simple allegro work, and simple adagio.

112 ÌýJazz Dance I. (2, repeatable to 4) ÌýSurvey of the historical influences from which jazz dance evolved and beginning jazz techniques.

113 ÌýModern Dance I. (2, repeatable to 4) ÌýBeginning modern dance technique and creative approach.

116 ÌýTap Dance I. (1, repeatable to 2) ÌýFundamentals of tap and soft shoe.

119 ÌýImprovisation. (1) ÌýExploration of individual and group movement potential in a spontaneous context, as it relates to dance.

210 ÌýBallet II. (2, repeatable to 6) ÌýIntermediate technique and skill. Continuation of Ballet I. Prerequisite: permission of instructor.

212 ÌýJazz Dance II. (2, repeatable to 6) ÌýIntermediate skill, techniques, and movement combinations. Continuation of Jazz I. Prerequisite: permission of instructor.

213 ÌýModern Dance II. (2, repeatable to 6) ÌýIntermediate level skills and techniques. Continuation of Modern Dance I. Prerequisite: permission of instructor.

216 ÌýTap Dance II. (1, repeatable to 2) ÌýIntermediate tap dance and soft shoe skills and continued study of beginning skills and theory. Prerequisite: DAN 116 or permission of instructor.

219 ÌýComposition. (2) ÌýIntroduction to application of choreographic principles with emphasis on movement invention and development of evaluative skills. Prerequisite: DAN 119. Concert attendance required.

310 ÌýBallet III. (2, repeatable to 6) ÌýContinuation of Ballet II. Prerequisites: DAN 210 and permission of instructor.

313 ÌýModern Dance III. (2, repeatable to 6) ÌýPrerequisites: DAN 213 and permission of instructor.

316 ÌýMusical Theatre Dance. (2, repeatable to 6) ÌýThis dance performance course focuses on the specific needs for a performer in Musical Theatre. Students will gain practical experience in dance areas pertinent to Musical Theatre performance such as partnering, solo work, and dancing in a chorus. Prerequisites: Musical Theatre major and permission of instructor.

382 ÌýDance History and Philosophy. (3) ÌýA survey of dance from pre-literary times to the present in relation to philosophical and sociological factors of dance as an art form in society.
IAI: F1 906.

385 ÌýMovement and Music Analysis. (3) ÌýReview of musical notation and application through playing of keyboard and percussion instruments. Analysis of recorded music for meter, rhythmic pattern, and phrasing.

386 ÌýSpecial Projects in Dance. (1–6, repeatable for different topics to 6) ÌýBy arrangement with Dance advisor one semester in advance.

413 ÌýAdvanced Techniques of Modern Dance. (2, repeatable to 6) ÌýAdvanced modern dance techniques with emphasis on performance qualities in projection, vitality, and execution. Prerequisites: DAN 313 and permission of instructor.

490 ÌýIndependent Study. (1–3, repeatable for different topics to 6) ÌýBy arrangement with instructor.